Are You at Risk? Understanding the Importance of Bone Density Testing (DEXA Scan)
A DEXA scan is the gold-standard test for spotting bone loss early, diagnosing osteoporosis and estimating future fracture risk. By learning your numbers and discussing them with your care team, you can take proactive steps to protect your bones and prevent avoidable injuries.
Overview of bone density and DEXA scans
Bone density, or bone mineral density, measures the amount of minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus, packed into a specific volume of bone. Higher density generally means stronger bones and a lower risk of breaking a bone from a minor fall. A DEXA scan provides a clear, precise snapshot of your bone health and helps track changes over time.
During a DEXA scan, two low-dose X-ray beams assess bone mineral density at key sites, usually the hip and spine. The test is quick, painless and highly accurate. Results from a DEXA scan help your provider assess overall bone health and guide decisions to reduce fracture risk.
Who should consider a DEXA scan?
Osteoporosis screening becomes more important with age, especially after menopause.
General guidelines for screening
- Women aged 65 and older
- Men aged 70 and older
Test sooner if you have risk factors
Younger postmenopausal women and men aged 50–69 may need testing if they have risk factors such as:
- A family history of osteoporosis
- Low body weight
- Smoking or heavy alcohol use
- Long-term use of steroid medications
- Certain hormones or gastrointestinal conditions
- Prior fractures from a small fall
People with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, overactive parathyroid, malabsorption, or chronic kidney disease may also benefit from earlier testing.
What to expect during a DEXA scan
Preparation is simple: wear comfortable clothing without metal zippers or buttons, avoid calcium supplements for 24 hours unless advised otherwise, and inform the technologist if you are pregnant or recently had a contrast study.
During the exam, you will lie on a padded table while the scanner moves over your hip and spine. Most DEXA scans take about 10–15 minutes. There is no tunnel, you can breathe normally, and the radiation exposure is very low, much less than a chest X-ray.
Interpreting DEXA scan results
Your report includes T-scores and Z-scores. A T-score compares your bone density to that of a healthy young adult: normal is -1.0 or higher; osteopenia is between -1.0 and -2.5; osteoporosis is -2.5 or lower. Lower scores indicate a higher risk of fractures and a greater need for preventive or therapeutic measures.
After a DEXA scan to evaluate osteoporosis, your provider may recommend lifestyle modifications, fall prevention strategies, medications and follow-up DEXA scans to monitor progress.
Lifestyle changes for better bone health
You can actively support your bones every day.
Diet and supplements
- Choose calcium-rich foods, such as dairy, leafy greens and fortified options.
- Get enough vitamin D through safe sun exposure and a healthy diet (vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium).
- Avoid smoking, limit alcohol and maintain a healthy weight.
Exercise and movement
Engage in activities that strengthen your bones and muscles:
- Weight-bearing exercises: Brisk walking, stair climbing, light jogging and dancing.
- Resistance training: Using weights or resistance bands to build muscle.
- Balance training: Activities like tai chi or yoga can help reduce your risk of falls—the main cause of fractures.
